What is the Warburg effect and why is it a cancer hallmark?

Warburg effect is characterized by high glucose uptake and lactate release and is now considered as a hallmark of nearly all tumors3. This metabolic adaptation benefits cancer cells in surviving through hypoxic conditions, commonly found in tumors, and to support their anabolic requirements4,5.

How is Glutaminase regulated?

The catabolism of glutamine is initiated by either of two isoforms of the mitochondrial glutaminase. The adaptations in hepatic glutaminase are mediated by changes in the rate of transcription, whereas kidney-type glutaminase is regulated at a posttranscriptional level.

How does the Warburg effect and PET scanning relate to one another?

Diagnostically the Warburg effect is the basis for the PET scan in which an injected radioactive glucose analog is detected at higher concentrations in malignant cancers than in other tissues.

Is the Warburg effect true?

The Warburg effect has been confirmed in previous studies including those of DeBerardinis et al. [10], where cells were incubated under oxygenated conditions in 10 mM C-13-labelled glucose.

What cells use the Warburg effect?

Aerobic glycolysis a hallmark of proliferative metabolism found across many kingdoms of life, but is frequently associated with cancer cells, and is known as the Warburg effect in this context. -Luengo, et al., 2020 Mol Cell Dec 22.

What is Glutaminase inhibitor?

Glutaminase inhibitors target cancer cells by blocking the conversion of glutamine to glutamate, thereby potentially interfering with anaplerosis and synthesis of amino acids and glutathione.

What is the function of Glutaminase?

Glutaminase is the enzyme which hydrolyses glutamine, the main respiratory fuel of the intestine, to yield glutamate and ammonia.

What is Warburg effect in botany?

In plant physiology, the Warburg effect is the decrease in the rate of photosynthesis due to high oxygen concentrations. Oxygen is a competitive inhibitor of carbon dioxide fixation by RuBisCO which initiates photosynthesis. These two mechanisms working together are responsible for the Warburg effect.

What foods are high in glutamine?

Good sources of L-glutamine can be found in certain foods, including:

• chicken.
• fish.
• cabbage.
• spinach.
• dairy.
• tofu.
• lentils.
• beans.