What causes concrete Popouts?

Popouts are generally caused by a porous aggregate with high absorption and relatively low specific gravity. The susceptible aggregate absorbs moisture. In the winter, the moisture freezes, expands, and creates an internal pressure that ruptures the aggregate.

What causes rebar shadowing?

Reinforcement shadow, or perhaps ghosting, is caused by changes in the concrete matrix due to aggregate segregation, localised variation in the water-cement ratio and in the paste/mortar. Any changes in the cement paste affect how it cures and this affects the light and dark tones of the formed surface.

Why is top layer of concrete flaking off?

Damage will show up when the concrete is exposed to ice or snow which then melts and penetrates into the concrete and freezes. Frozen water expands about 10\%, pushing the thin, weak top layer upwards causing the layer to peel off (known as spalling).

How do you stop concrete Popouts?

Popouts can be repaired by chipping out the remaining portion of the aggregate particle in the surface cavity, cleaning the resulting void, and by filling the void with a proprietary repair material such as a dry pack mortar, epoxy mortar, or other appropriate material following procedures recommended by the …

What is tile ghosting?

Ghosting or tile marks are caused and affected by moisture intrusion. When the ground below the slab is very wet and the concrete above it is not, the water will travel from the ground up into the slab because the slab is drier. Then the water will again seek a drier space.

How do you fix concrete ghosting?

Antiquing Concrete Stain is a great option to blend the colors in on more porous floors. Concrete Dye can also be used to cover imperfections and accent the floor as needed. Topical stains can disguise the tile ghosting still visible after grinding.

When is a concrete crack a defect?

For concrete floors, according to Table C2, where a crack width is greater than 2.0mm, this, according to the standard, is considered a defect.

What causes effervescence?

Efflorescence is caused when soluble salts and other water dispersible materials come to the surface of concrete and mortars. But efflorescence can also be caused by hydroxides and sulfates of either sodium or potassium, which are much more soluble in water than calcium.