What are ABC transporters that are found in bacterial membranes?

Primary transporters include the rotary motor ATPases (F-, A-, and V-ATPases), P-type ATPases and a large family of integral membrane proteins referred to as “ABC” (ATP binding cassette) transporters.

What is the structure of a protein?

Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule. Proteins are polymers – specifically polypeptides – formed from sequences of amino acids, the monomers of the polymer. A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue indicating a repeating unit of a polymer.

What are the four stages of protein folding?

It is convenient to describe protein structure in terms of 4 different aspects of covalent structure and folding patterns. The different levels of protein structure are known as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

What must a protein have in order to have a quaternary structure?

Quaternary structure exists in proteins consisting of two or more identical or different polypeptide chains (subunits). These proteins are called oligomers because they have two or more subunits. The quaternary structure describes the manner in which subunits are arranged in the native protein.

How do the sequence and composition of amino acids in a protein influence how a protein folds up?

the sequence of amino acids (primary structure) determines how a protein folds. the distribution of attracting and repulsive charges on the amino acids determines how a protein is organised and folded ( and therefore also determines its biological function).

What do ABC transporters transport?

ABC transporters utilize the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport various substrates across cellular membranes. They are divided into three main functional categories. In prokaryotes, importers mediate the uptake of nutrients into the cell.

Where are ABC transporters located?

plasma membrane
The ABC transporters comprise a large and multifunctional family of structurally related membrane proteins that are located in the plasma membrane of the cells or in the membrane of various cellular organelles.

How do you read a protein sequence?

The sequence of a protein is usually notated as a string of letters, according to the order of the amino acids from the amino-terminal to the carboxyl-terminal of the protein. Either a single or three-letter code may be used to represent each amino acid in the sequence.