Is an amide a strong activator?

Alkoxy, amide, ester groups less strongly activating.

Why are amides protonated on oxygen instead of nitrogen?

Abstract. Protonation of amides most often occurs on oxygen, unless the amide bond is twisted out of planarity allowing the more favored nitrogen protonation to occur. Protonation of oxygen is believed to take place over that of nitrogen due to increased resonance stabilization of the O-protonated species.

Why hydroxyl group is a strong activator?

Most ring activators have atoms with unshared electron pairs directly attached to a carbon atom of the benzene ring. For example, the — OH group has two pairs of unshared electrons on the oxygen atom, which will form a bond to a carbon atom of the benzene ring. Thus, the — OH group will be an activating group.

What are the functional groups connected in an amide?

Amides are compounds that consist of a carbonyl functional group which is connected to both an amine group and a hydrocarbon group (or hydrogen atom). A carbonyl functional group consists of a carbon atom which is double-bonded with an oxygen atom.

Which amide is involved in nitrogen assimilation by plants?

In the chloroplasts, glutamine synthetase incorporates this ammonia as the amide group of glutamine using glutamate as a substrate. Glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT) transfer the amide group onto a 2-oxoglutarate molecule producing two glutamates.

Which of the following is an activating group?

The groups containing nitrogen are strong activating groups because nitrogen atoms have a free or unshared pair of electrons. -This unshared pair of electrons can resonate in the ring making it electron-rich. Hence such groups increase the rate of reaction and are also called as activating groups.

Why amides are weaker bases than amines?

Amides are very weak pillars relative to amines. This is because the carbonyl (C=O) group is strongly electronegative in amides, so it has a higher capacity to attract electrons towards it, leaving a proton less visible to the lone pair of amide nitrogen. …

Can amide groups be protonated?

The basicity of an amiDe (with “d”) group can be understood from the acidity of its protonated form. The higher the acidity of the latter, the lower the basicity of the amide. Therefore the protonated form is very unstable and aldehydes are the most acidic (the least basic) in the series.

Why is phenol an activating group?

The –OH group of phenol is an activating group. It increase the density of electron in benzene ring due to its +R effect. So, benzene ring of phenol becomes more electron rich than benzene ring without any activating group.

Which effect is shown by hydroxyl group of phenol?

In phenol, the OH group has -I effect due to electronegative oxygen. So, OH group should deactivate the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution.

Is amide a strong base?

Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones.

Why amides are weaker base than amines?