What is the Kleihauer-Betke test used for?

Background: In maternal trauma, the Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test has traditionally been used to detect transplacental hemorrhage (TPH), so that Rh-negative women could receive appropriate Rh immune prophylaxis.

What is the difference between stillbirth and IUFD?

The Perinatal Mortality Surveillance Report (CEMACH)3 defined stillbirth as ‘a baby delivered with no signs of life known to have died after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy’. Intrauterine fetal death refers to babies with no signs of life in utero.

What is the management of IUFD?

The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists’ (RCOG) guideline on the management of late IUFD (after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy) and stillbirth advises that the dose of misoprostol should be adjusted according to gestational age (100 micrograms 6-hourly before 26 weeks; 25 to 50 micrograms 4-hourly at 27 …

What are the complication of IUFD?

Most common complication associated with IUFD was Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in 18 (22.5\%) followed by Sepsis in 8 (10\%), Acute Renal Failure (ARF) in 3 (3.7\%), Maternal mortality in 1 (1.2\%). Conclusions: Anemia, PIH, accidental haemorrhage were leading causes of IUFD.

When do you do a Kleihauer test?

This test is offered to Rh D Negative pregnant women 11+2 – 24 weeks gestation, but usually at 16 weeks gestation. Small amounts of the unborn baby’s DNA is present in the mother’s blood.

When is a Kleihauer Betke test done?

The Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test is used after maternal injury to identify fetal blood in the maternal circulation. The ratio of fetal to maternal cells is recorded, allowing calculation of the volume of fetal blood leaked to the maternal circulation.

What is IUGR and IUFD?

IUGR increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), neonatal death, low APGAR scores, and abnormal neurodevelopment of the child [50, 51].

Why does IUFD cause DIC?

Several diseases are known to be associated with DIC, some of which may also occur during pregnancy or the puerperium. One of the potential risk factors that have been considered as a potential trigger for DIC is the retention of a highly macerated fetus after intrauterine fetal death (IUFD).

How is IUFD diagnosed?

Doppler ultrasound is used as a confirmatory adjuvant. It is felt that by combining Doppler and 2 dimensional diagnostic B-mode ultrasound the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death can be made within 48 hours after suspected death in pregnancies more than 14 weeks and with scans a week apart if less than 14 weeks.

What is the causes of IUFD?

Hyper-coiled cord (HCC) and umbilical ring constrictions were the most frequent cause of IUFD in both periods. The relatively decreased prevalence of IUFD due to velamentous cord insertion and umbilical cord entanglement, HCC and umbilical cord constriction was increased.

Why do I need anti d injection?

Rhesus disease can largely be prevented by having an injection of a medication called anti-D immunoglobulin. This can help to avoid a process known as sensitisation, which is when a woman with RhD negative blood is exposed to RhD positive blood and develops an immune response to it.

What is the physiological mechanism of Rh immune globulin?

Rho(D) immune globulin is made up of antibodies to the antigen Rho(D) present on some red blood cells. It is believed to work by blocking a person’s immune system from recognizing this antigen.